Absorption

Absorption is the act or process of absorbing or sucking in anything, or of being absorbed and made to disappear; as, the absorption of bodies in a whirlpool, the absorption of a smaller tribe into a larger. This phenomenon is used for the movement and removal of a particular liquid, from a mixture,since the absorption property is different for different liquids.

Example: Moisture absorption of porous low dielectric film in semiconductor industry.
Corresponding patent: US6417118

Acoustic Cavitation

Acoustic Cavitation is produced by sound waves in a liquid due to pressure variations.

Cavitation can be roughly described as the violent, non-linear collapse of a gas or vapor bubble immersed in a liquid. Cavitation, the formation and activity of bubbles (or cavities), is believed to be an important mechanism in the actual particle removal process, as, cavitation has sufficient energy to overcome particle adhesion forces and cause particles to be removed.

Example: The dust particle adhered to the walls of tube, are removed by process of acoustic cavitation in liquid.

Acoustic Vibrations

Acoustic vibration is vibration caused by sound waves.

Example: Acoustic display screen - The vibration generated by the acoustic output of the loudspeaker changes the particle arrangement of the Liquid crystal panel
Corresponding patent: US6389935 Acoustic vibration for sensing underground water level.

Archimedes’ Principle

Archimedes' Principle states that the buoyant force on a submerged object is equal to the weight of the fluid that is displaced by the object.

Example: A steel ball or rowboat placed on end into the water will sink because the density of steel is much greater than that of water.

Bernoulli’s Theorem

Bernoulli’s Theorem concerns steady-state flow in an incompressible fluid of zero viscosity. The sum of the pressure, the gravitational potential energy per unit volume and the kinetic energy per unit volume is constant along a streamline.

Example: Animation of concept.

Boiling/Evaporation

Boiling is the application of heat to change something from a liquid to a gas. This can be used to remove or extract moisture from the mixture.

Evaporation is a process in which, something is changed from a liquid to a vapor, without its temperature reaching the boiling point, i.e., movement of water molecules from the system.

Example: Used in dessication of food, i.e., removal of moisture by evaporation - movement of water molecules from the system.

Capillary Condensation

Capillary Condensation is the process by which a vapor loses heat and changes into a liquid, when gas passes through a capillary bed (the collective mass of capillaries in the body). This allows the removal of moisture (by the movement of water molecules) from the gas mixture.

Example: Desiccating the gas mixture.

Capillary Evaporation

No description available

Capillary Pressure

Capillary action occurs when the adhesion to the walls is stronger than the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules.

Example: When a capillary is dipped in water, capillary pressure will take liquid in a to a height which depends upon the weight of water which the surface tension will lift.

Coanda Effect

The Coanda effect (or 'wall attachment') is the tendency for a moving fluid (either liquid or gas) to attach itself to a surface and flow along it.

Example: As seen in the animation the flow of liquid aligns itself along the edge of the obstacle placed in the path.

Condensation

Formation of denser molecules: the bonding of molecules of a substance to form a larger denser molecule, usually with the release of simpler substances, such as water. Film of water droplets: tiny drops of water that form on a cold surface such as a window when warmer air comes into contact with it.

Coulomb’s Law

No description available

Deformation

No description available

Dessication

Dessication is the process of extracting moisture (as by heat). Application of heat makes the water molecules more mobile(or it gets converted to vapour) and helps it to move out from the composite.

Example: Used in preservation of food.

Electrocapillary Effect

Electrocapillary Effect is a phenomenon seen in liquids, which is associated with the intermolecular surface forces existing between a solid and a liquid, causing the rise or movement of the liquid in narrow tubes under the effect of electric field.

Example: Liquid level measurement in tanks by the use of electrocapillary action.

Electrolysis

Electrolysis is the conduction of electricity through something melted or dissolved, in order to induce decomposition of the melted or dissolved chemical, into its component, and helps the movement of the particles to the cathode or anode, depending on the charge of the particle.

Electroosmosis

Electroosmosis is defined as the movement of a liquid through a membrane under the effect of an electric field.

Example: Mainly applicable in purification of fluids.

Electrophoresis

Electrophoresis is defined as the movement of charged particles in a colloid or suspension, when an electric field is applied to them.

Electrostatic Induction

Electrostatic Induction is the process by which electric or magnetic forces are created in a circuit, by being in proximity to an electric or magnetic field, or a varying current without physical contact.

Explosion

Explosion is the release of a mechanical, chemical or nuclear energy in a sudden and often violent manner, with the generation of high temperature and usually with the release of gases.

Example: Demonstration of Bursting of bottle - Fill the bottle with water and screw in the stopper hand tight. Place it in the bin on the floor and cover it with the liquid nitrogen. Place the door mat over the bin. On freezing, the water expands and bursts the bottle with a loud bang.

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism: Ferromagnetic materials are materials which can be magnetized upon application of an external magnetic field. This external field is typically applied by another permanent magnet, or by an electromagnet. These materials are very strongly affected by magnetic fields. They become strongly polarized in the direction of the magnetic field, thus, they are strongly attracted to the high field region when the field isn't uniform. Furthermore, they retain at least some of their polarization after the magnetic field is removed. Once polarized, ferromagnetic materials produce magnetic fields of their own. Since these fields are usually not uniform (particularly near the ends of the piece) ferromagnetic materials are capable of attracting each other. All of the materials that you are used to calling "magnets" are ferromagnetic materials.

Funnel Effect

A funnel is a device, which is broad at one edge and tapers down the other edge.

Example: By using a funnel LIQUID can be made to move through a narrower cross-section concentrating their area of action.

Gravity

Gravity is the natural force of attraction exerted by a celestial body, such as Earth, upon objects(solid, liquid, gas) at or near its surface, tends to move them towards the center of the body.

Example: Gravity also influences fluid behavior when differences in density exist in the fluid. When water is mixed with oil, the oil being less denser then the water settles as a layer above the water.

Hydraulic shock

Hydraulic Shock occurs when fluid flowing through a pipe is subjected to a sudden or rapid change in velocity. The pressure wave generated travels back and forth within the pipe until the energy is dissipated.

Example: Animation of concept.

Inertia

Inertia is the property of a liquid, by which it remains at rest or continues moving in a straight line, unless acted upon by a directional force.

Ionic Exchange

Ionic Exchange takes place when a very critical "exchange" occurs in the soil between the positive ions of plant food and the positive ions of hydrogen given off by the plant's roots. This chemical event is what makes insoluble elements in nature available as plant food.

Example: Plants get nutritive ions from the fertilizers present in the soil, by the process of ionic exchange which moves nutrients into the plant root.

Jet Flow

Jet Flow is a high-velocity fluid stream forced under pressure, out of a small-diameter opening or nozzle.

Example: Self-propelled jet boat.

Lorentz Force

Lorentz Force is the force F that is exerted on a charged particle, in an electric and/or magnetic field : F = q(E + v × B)
where, q is the charge on the particle, E is the electric field strength, v is the particle's velocity and B is the magnetic flux density.

Example: A pump for fluids that conduct electricity. A current is passed through the fluid across the pipe through which the fluid is flowing, and a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the current, also across the pipe. The resulting Lorentz force therefore acts along the tube and creates the pressure required to pump the liquid. Such pumps are used for circulating the liquid sodium used as a coolant in some nuclear reactors.

Magnetostriction

Magnetostriction is a property encountered in magnetic materials, where the material changes its shape on the application of a magnetic field. Magnetostrictive materials have as a property the ability to convert magnetic energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. Thus under the influence of magnetic field, the fluid can vibrate or move(convert from magnetic energy to kinetic energy).

Example: Used in SONAR devices for echo location and also for torque sensing.

Mechanocaloric Effect

No description available

Osmosis

Osmosis is the diffusion or movement of molecules through a semi-permeable membrane, from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration, until the concentration on both sides is equal.

When two water (or other solvent) volumes are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, water will flow from the side of low solute concentration, to the side of high solute concentration.

Example: Osmosis is a fundamental effect in all biological systems. It is also extensively used in the filtration systems.

Pascal Law

Pascal's Law states that, pressure applied to an enclosed liquid or gas, is transmitted rapidly and uniformly throughout an enclosed fluid at rest.

Example: Hydraulic Lift.

Pump

Pump is a device that moves fluid or gas by pressure or suction.

Ranque Effect

No description available

Resonance

No description available

Example: The microwaves is exactly that of the natural rotational frequency of water. The water absorbs the energy vibrating produces heat. Thus Microwave ovens only heat water and not the china dish.

Shock Wave

Shock wave is formed if the point source moves faster than the wave speed.

eg: Laser-induced liquid jet production for medical purpose.

Example: The process of laser-induced liquid jet production involves an optical fiber inserted into a capillary tube filled with water. Laser beam transmitted via the fiber produces water vapor bubble growing toward the capillary exit, and then water is expelled from the exit by expanding bubble. Shock wave is caused by collapse and rebound of micro-bubbles and water flow generated by the emanation of water produces liquid jet finally.

Spiral

No description available

Super Thermal Conductivity

Super thermal conductivity is the phenomenon exhibited by few metals at lower temperature, by which it loses all its electrical resistance.

Example: The Meissner effect is the property that superconductors have where if you put a magnet in close proximity to it, a current is induced. This in turn produces a magnetic field, which has the same polarity as the original field that caused the current. This causes the magnet to levitate above the superconductor. Liquid nitrogen is used to cool the metal to make it superconductor.

Superfluidity

Superfluidity is the phenomenon, exhibited by liquid Helium at temperatures below 2.18K, of flowing without friction and having very high thermal conductivity - super fluid (-floo'id).

Example: Liquid helium flows without friction when cooled below 2.17 K. Super fluid helium cannot be kept in an open vessel because then the fluid creeps as a thin film up the vessel wall and over the rim.

Surface Tension

Surface Tension is the property of liquids that give their surfaces a slightly elastic quality and enables them to form into separate drops. It is caused by the interaction of molecules at or near the surface that tend to cohere and contract the surface into the smallest possible area.

Thermal Expansion

Thermal Expansion is the deformation due to temperature changes.

Example: A thermometer is immersed in a beaker containing water. As the water is heated, the level of mercury in the thermometer rises correspondingly.

Thermocapillary Effect

Thermacapillary Effect is a phenomenon of liquids, which is associated with the intermolecular surface forces existing between a solid and a liquid, causing the rise or movement of the liquid in narrow tubes under the effect of temperature.

Example: Temperature sensing devices.

Thermomechanical Effect

Thermomechanical Effect occurs, when radiation warms a superfluid, the expansion pushes up the free surface of the liquid forming a fountain. This causes liquid helium II to flow up the sides of open containers. Also known as the Fountain Effect.

Ultrasonic Capillary Effect

Ultrasonic Capillary Effect is a phenomenon of liquids, which is associated with the intermolecular surface forces existing between a solid and a liquid, causing the rise or movement of the liquid in narrow tubes, under the effect of ultrasonic waves.

Example: Wavelength Measurement Devices - Since the liquid rises through the tube under the effect of ultrasonic waves, it is used for measuring the wavelength along with the calibration circuits.

Ultrasonic Vibrations

Ultrasonic Vibrations are generated by sound with a frequency over 20,000 Hz, which is about the upper limit of human hearing. These can be used to raise the level of liquid in a capillary tube.

Example: Wavelength Measurement Devices - Since the liquid rises through the tube under the effect of ultrasonic waves, it is used for measuring the wavelength along with the calibration circuits.

Use of foam

No description available

Weissenberg Effect

Weissenberg Effect is the tendency of some viscoelastic fluids to flow in a direction normal to the direction of shear. The effect is manifested by behaviour such as the climbing of a fluid up a rotating rod.

Example: In the experiment a rod is rotated with its end immersed in the fluid outlined above. In the Newtonian case inertia would dominate and the fluid would move to the edges of the container, away from the rod. Here however, the elastic forces generated by the rotation of the rod (and the consequent stretching of the polymer chains in solution) result in a positive normal force the fluid rises up the rod. This effect has important repercussions for polymer solution processing.

Wetting

Wetting is the tendency of a liquid to spread over a surface. A surfactant can act as a wetting agent. Wetting agents are classified practically according to their ability and speed in displacing air from solid surfaces.

Example: Herbicides formulated or applied with surfactants or wetting agents reduce the surface tension of water and allow for more effective movement of the herbicide through the cuticle.